{"id":103,"date":"2015-10-02T16:32:05","date_gmt":"2015-10-02T19:32:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/?p=103"},"modified":"2018-10-03T12:18:06","modified_gmt":"2018-10-03T15:18:06","slug":"genetica-a-ciencia-dos-genes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/genetica-a-ciencia-dos-genes\/","title":{"rendered":"Gen\u00e9tica: a ci\u00eancia dos genes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Gen\u00e9tica<\/span> <\/strong>\u00e9 o<span style=\"color: #000000;\"> <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/principais-ramos-da-biologia\/\">ramo da biologia<\/a> <\/span><\/span>que estuda a forma como se transmitem as caracter\u00edsticas biol\u00f3gicas de gera\u00e7\u00e3o para gera\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0<\/span>Esta \u00e9 a ci\u00eancia dos genes, da hereditariedade e da varia\u00e7\u00e3o dos organismos.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0O termo foi primeiramente aplicado para descrever o estudo da varia\u00e7\u00e3o e hereditariedade, pelo cientista William Bateson\u00a0numa carta dirigida a Adam Sedgewick, da data de 18 de abril de 1908.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; font-size: 24pt;\">Gen\u00e9tica<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1812\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1812\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/documentario-a-descoberta-do-dna\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1812\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/documentario-a-descoberta-do-dna\/dna\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/dna.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"631,351\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"dna\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;A composi\u00e7\u00e3o geral do DNA j\u00e1 era conhecida, mas n\u00e3o se sabia como suas partes componentes se reuniam. A estrutura tridimensional de Watson e Crick abriu uma nova era da Biologia&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;DNA &amp;#8211; Document\u00e1rio A descoberta do DNA&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/dna.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-1812 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/dna-300x167.jpg?resize=300%2C167\" alt=\"DNA - Document\u00e1rio A descoberta do DNA\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/dna.jpg?resize=300%2C167&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/dna.jpg?w=631&amp;ssl=1 631w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1812\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/documentario-a-descoberta-do-dna\/\">Document\u00e1rio A descoberta do DNA<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>J<\/strong><\/span>\u00e1 no tempo da pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3ria, os agricultores utilizavam conhecimentos atrav\u00e9s da domestica\u00e7\u00e3o e do cruzamento seletivo de animais e plantas para melhorar suas <a href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/especie\/\">esp\u00e9cies<\/a>. Atualmente esta \u00e9 a ci\u00eancia\u00a0que proporciona as ferramentas necess\u00e1rias para a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das fun\u00e7\u00f5es dos genes, isto \u00e9, a an\u00e1lise das intera\u00e7\u00f5es gen\u00e9ticas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> No interior dos\u00a0organismos, a informa\u00e7\u00e3o heredit\u00e1ria est\u00e1 contida nos cromossomos, onde \u00e9 representada na estrutura qu\u00edmica da mol\u00e9cula de DNA o que diminui bastante o tempo de espera no cruzamento das esp\u00e9cies.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/importancia-da-genetica\/\">Import\u00e2ncia da Gen\u00e9tica<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/genetica-medica\/\">Gen\u00e9tica M\u00e9dica<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/genetica-populacional\/\">Gen\u00e9tica Populacional<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/historia-da-genetica\/\">Hist\u00f3ria da Gen\u00e9tica<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_191\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-191\" style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/genes.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"191\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/genetica-a-ciencia-dos-genes\/genes\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/genes.png?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"631,351\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-title=\"genes\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;An\u00e1lise de DNA. foto: Micah Baldwin &lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;An\u00e1lise de DNA. foto: Micah Baldwin &lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/genes.png?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-191 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/genes.png?resize=530%2C285\" alt=\"Gen\u00e9tica \/ An\u00e1lise de DNA.\" width=\"530\" height=\"285\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-191\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>An\u00e1lise de DNA<\/strong>. foto: Micah Baldwin<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Os genes, em geral, codificam a informa\u00e7\u00e3o necess\u00e1ria para a s\u00edntese de prote\u00ednas, no entanto diversos tipos de gene n\u00e3o-codificantes de prote\u00ednas j\u00e1 foram identificados, como por exemplo genes precursores de microRNAs (miRNA) ou de RNAs estruturais, como os riboss\u00f4micos. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As prote\u00ednas, por sua vez, podem atuar como enzimas (catalisadores) ou apenas estruturalmente, fun\u00e7\u00f5es estas diretamente respons\u00e1veis pelo fen\u00f3tipo final de um organismo.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/genetica-molecular\/\">Gen\u00e9tica molecular<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/filogenetica-molecular\/\">Filogen\u00e9tica molecular<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/genetica-ecologica\/\">Gen\u00e9tica ecol\u00f3gica<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> O conceito de &#8220;um gene, uma prote\u00edna&#8221; \u00e9 simplista e equivocado: por exemplo, um \u00fanico gene poder\u00e1 produzir m\u00faltiplos produtos (diferentes RNAs ou prote\u00ednas), dependendo de como a transcri\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 regulada e como seu mRNA nascente \u00e9 processador pela maquinaria de <em>splicing<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Gen\u00e9tica cl\u00e1ssica<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_199\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-199\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/documentario-mendel-e-a-ervilha\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"199\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/historia-da-genetica\/mendel\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/mendel.png?fit=306%2C387&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"306,387\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-title=\"Mendel\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Mendel, o pai da Gen\u00e9tica&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Mendel, o pai da Gen\u00e9tica&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/mendel.png?fit=306%2C387&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-199 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/mendel.png?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Hist\u00f3ria da Gen\u00e9tica: Mendel, o pai da Gen\u00e9tica\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/mendel.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/mendel.png?zoom=2&amp;resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-199\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/documentario-mendel-e-a-ervilha\/\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Document\u00e1rio Mendel e a ervilha<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A cl\u00e1ssica consiste nas t\u00e9cnicas e m\u00e9todos anteriores ao advento da <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/biologia-molecular\/\">biologia molecular<\/a><\/span>.\u00a0Depois da descoberta do c\u00f3digo gen\u00e9tico e de ferramentas de <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/clonagem\/\">clonagem<\/a><\/span> utilizando enzimas de restri\u00e7\u00e3o, os temas abertos \u00e0 investiga\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica em gen\u00e9tica sofreram um aumento consider\u00e1vel. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Algumas ideias foram abandonadas ou modificadas devido ao aumento do conhecimento trazido por descobertas de \u00edndole molecular, embora algumas ideias ainda permane\u00e7am intactas, como a <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/hereditariedade\/\">hereditariedade<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>mendeliana.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> O estudo dos padr\u00f5es de hereditariedade continuam ainda a ser um m\u00e9todo muito \u00fatil no estudo de doen\u00e7as gen\u00e9ticas como a Neurofibromatose.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gen\u00e9tica \u00e9 o ramo da biologia que estuda a forma como se transmitem as caracter\u00edsticas biol\u00f3gicas de gera\u00e7\u00e3o para gera\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Esta<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1944,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[5,2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-103","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biologiamolecular","category-genetica"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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