{"id":19548,"date":"2025-09-05T15:33:30","date_gmt":"2025-09-05T18:33:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/?p=19548"},"modified":"2025-09-05T15:33:35","modified_gmt":"2025-09-05T18:33:35","slug":"parasitismo-complexo-manipulando-o-comportamento-hospedeiro","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/parasitismo-complexo-manipulando-o-comportamento-hospedeiro\/","title":{"rendered":"Parasitismo complexo \u2013 manipulando o comportamento hospedeiro"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong><strong>Parasitismo complexo:<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span> na natureza, algumas rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre parasitas e hospedeiros surpreendem pela sofistica\u00e7\u00e3o. Entre elas, destacam-se os casos em que organismos manipulam o comportamento de outros seres, transformando-os em instrumentos de sua pr\u00f3pria sobreviv\u00eancia.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; font-size: 24pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>Parasitismo complexo <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; color: #000000; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; color: #000000; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; color: #000000; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; color: #000000; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; color: #000000; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; color: #000000; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 24pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><strong><strong><strong>\u2013 manipulando o comportamento do hospedeiro<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span> <\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>5\/9\/2025<\/strong> ::&nbsp; <strong>Marco Pozzana<\/strong>, bi\u00f3logo<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-adf613752d93cb0e11924902e0ba825b\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: &quot;courier new&quot;, courier, monospace; font-size: 14pt;\">A<\/span><\/span> natureza revela sua engenhosidade de forma inesperada quando observamos o parasitismo que altera comportamentos. Alguns organismos desenvolveram estrat\u00e9gias t\u00e3o sutis quanto perturbadoras, capazes de transformar seus hospedeiros em marionetes biol\u00f3gicas. Esse fen\u00f4meno, embora cruel em apar\u00eancia, \u00e9 um exemplo impressionante de adapta\u00e7\u00e3o evolutiva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-c0c3942a1d77c4844d75acfd597beccc\">Essa classe de parasitismo \u00e9 interessante porque revela como a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o molda intera\u00e7\u00f5es refinadas entre organismos. Al\u00e9m disso, mostra que parasitas podem manipular sistemas nervosos e comportamentos com precis\u00e3o not\u00e1vel. Por fim, oferece insights \u00fateis para <a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/ecologia\/\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ecologia<\/span><\/a>, neurobiologia e at\u00e9 aplica\u00e7\u00f5es m\u00e9dicas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/parasitismo-complexo-fungo.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"82\" height=\"121\" data-attachment-id=\"19566\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/parasitismo-complexo-manipulando-o-comportamento-hospedeiro\/parasitismo-complexo-fungo\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/parasitismo-complexo-fungo.jpg?fit=82%2C121&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"82,121\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"parasitismo-complexo-fungo\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/parasitismo-complexo-fungo.jpg?fit=82%2C121&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/parasitismo-complexo-fungo.jpg?resize=82%2C121&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Parasitismo complexo \u2013 manipulando o comportamento do hospedeiro\" class=\"wp-image-19566\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/parasitologia\/\">Parasitologia<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/piolho-de-baleia\/\">Piolho-de-baleia<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/especie-chave-os-pilares-invisiveis-da-vida\/\">Esp\u00e9cie-Chave: os pilares invis\u00edveis da vida<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/fungo-assassino-de-anfibios\/\">Fungo assassino<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-radius:100px\">\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-40a385b9ae91c6562868a99ee6eb1bd3\"><em>\u201c<strong>Parasitismo \u00e9 um palco onde a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o encena alguns de seus experimentos mais engenhosos e perturbadores.<\/strong>\u201d<\/em> \u2014<strong> Carl Zimmer<\/strong>, <em>Parasite Rex<\/em> (2000).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: courier new,courier,monospace; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><strong><strong>Fungos que controlam mentes<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-7b5d1aa543298988adbcf10bfacfb7eb\">Entre os exemplos mais c\u00e9lebres encontram-se os fungos do g\u00eanero <em>Ophiocordyceps<\/em>. Esses microrganismos infectam insetos, principalmente formigas, e induzem mudan\u00e7as dr\u00e1sticas no comportamento. Ap\u00f3s a infec\u00e7\u00e3o, o fungo invade tecidos e atinge o sistema nervoso. Com o avan\u00e7o do parasitismo, a formiga abandona seu comportamento normal. Em vez de seguir a trilha da col\u00f4nia, ela escala plantas e se fixa a folhas ou galhos. Nesse ponto, o fungo cresce para fora do corpo, liberando novos esporos que atingem outras v\u00edtimas (Evans et al., 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/super.abril.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/formiga4.gif?w=800&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:488px;height:auto\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Formiga morta por <em>Ophiocordyceps unilateralis<\/em>, fungo entomopatog\u00eanico<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-b241fc54d6082a41619cbdbd0257ac9f\">Esse mecanismo parece sa\u00eddo da fic\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica, mas possui explica\u00e7\u00f5es fisiol\u00f3gicas. Pesquisas mostram que mol\u00e9culas bioativas do fungo interferem em neurotransmissores e em m\u00fasculos mandibulares. Assim, o hospedeiro \u00e9 compelido a se prender ao substrato em um \u201cmordida da morte\u201d, garantindo ao parasita a posi\u00e7\u00e3o ideal para sua reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o (de Bekker et al., 2014). Al\u00e9m disso, an\u00e1lises gen\u00f4micas revelaram que o fungo ativa genes espec\u00edficos apenas durante essa fase comportamental, refor\u00e7ando que se trata de uma manipula\u00e7\u00e3o refinada (de Bekker et al., 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-e60dfc8c60e744eaa42af832a8e489f3\">Ademais, a rela\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o ocorre de modo uniforme. Diferentes esp\u00e9cies de <em>Ophiocordyceps <\/em>exercem press\u00f5es seletivas distintas sobre suas presas. Logo, o fen\u00f4meno tamb\u00e9m ilustra a coevolu\u00e7\u00e3o. Enquanto o fungo se especializa em manipular, as formigas desenvolvem defesas sociais, como a remo\u00e7\u00e3o de indiv\u00edduos infectados da col\u00f4nia (Loreto et al., 2014). Essa dan\u00e7a evolutiva mostra como o parasitismo molda n\u00e3o apenas organismos isolados, mas tamb\u00e9m sociedades inteiras.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Parasitismo-complexo.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" data-attachment-id=\"19561\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/parasitismo-complexo-manipulando-o-comportamento-hospedeiro\/parasitismo-complexo\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Parasitismo-complexo.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1200,675\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Parasitismo complexo\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Parasitismo complexo \u2013 manipulando o comportamento do hospedeiro. fungos do g\u00eanero Ophiocordyceps. Esses microrganismos infectam insetos, principalmente formigas, e induzem mudan\u00e7as dr\u00e1sticas no comportamento. Ap\u00f3s a infec\u00e7\u00e3o, o fungo invade tecidos e atinge o sistema nervoso. Com o avan\u00e7o do parasitismo, a formiga abandona seu comportamento normal. Em vez de seguir a trilha da col\u00f4nia, ela escala plantas e se fixa a folhas ou galhos. Nesse ponto, o fungo cresce para fora do corpo, liberando novos esporos que atingem outras v\u00edtimas (Evans et al., 2011).&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Esse mecanismo parece quase cinematogr\u00e1fico, mas possui explica\u00e7\u00f5es fisiol\u00f3gicas. Pesquisas mostram que mol\u00e9culas bioativas do fungo interferem em neurotransmissores e em m\u00fasculos mandibulares. Assim, o hospedeiro \u00e9 compelido a se prender ao substrato em um \u201cmordida da morte\u201d, garantindo ao parasita a posi\u00e7\u00e3o ideal para sua reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o (de Bekker et al., 2014). Al\u00e9m disso, an\u00e1lises gen\u00f4micas revelaram que o fungo ativa genes espec\u00edficos apenas durante essa fase comportamental, refor\u00e7ando que se trata de uma manipula\u00e7\u00e3o refinada (de Bekker et al., 2017).&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Ademais, a rela\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o ocorre de modo uniforme. Diferentes esp\u00e9cies de Ophiocordyceps exercem press\u00f5es seletivas distintas sobre suas presas. Logo, o fen\u00f4meno tamb\u00e9m ilustra a coevolu\u00e7\u00e3o. Enquanto o fungo se especializa em manipular, as formigas desenvolvem defesas sociais, como a remo\u00e7\u00e3o de indiv\u00edduos infectados da col\u00f4nia (Loreto et al., 2014). Essa dan\u00e7a evolutiva mostra como o parasitismo molda n\u00e3o apenas organismos isolados, mas tamb\u00e9m sociedades inteiras.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Parasitismo-complexo.jpg?fit=800%2C450&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Parasitismo-complexo.jpg?resize=800%2C450&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Parasitismo complexo \u2013 manipulando o comportamento do hospedeiro\" class=\"wp-image-19561\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Parasitismo-complexo.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Parasitismo-complexo.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Parasitismo-complexo.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Parasitismo-complexo.jpg?resize=150%2C84&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Parasitismo-complexo.jpg?w=1200&amp;ssl=1 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-323043c25fc4a52a66c02f549fce5a97 is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-radius:100px\">\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-06f80e12ef8686533c3274faba23dde0\"><em>\u201c<strong>Parasitas s\u00e3o os &#8216;neurobi\u00f3logos&#8217; da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o, especialistas em manipular c\u00e9rebros alheios para garantir sua perpetua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>.\u201d<\/em> \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23225861\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Shelley A. Adamo <\/strong>(2013)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: courier new,courier,monospace; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><strong><strong>Vespas manipuladoras<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-1c7d9103c54c97926e1414ce9ffd10f7\">Outro caso fascinante envolve vespas parasitoides. Muitas delas utilizam aranhas ou baratas como hospedeiros tempor\u00e1rios. Por exemplo, vespas do g\u00eanero <em>Hymenoepimecis<\/em> injetam ovos em aranhas construtoras de teias. O desenvolvimento da larva ocorre lentamente, mas, em determinado est\u00e1gio, o parasita libera subst\u00e2ncias que modificam o comportamento da aranha. Em vez de tecer sua teia normal, a hospedeira cria uma estrutura refor\u00e7ada e est\u00e1tica. Essa constru\u00e7\u00e3o, no entanto, serve apenas para sustentar o casulo da vespa, que se desenvolve em seguran\u00e7a (Eberhard, 2000).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-321cc4c7d9740963e4d75263edf2fc81\">J\u00e1 a vespa esmeralda, <em>Ampulex compressa<\/em>, adota um processo ainda mais preciso. Ela pica diretamente o c\u00e9rebro da barata e libera neurotoxinas que reduzem sua motiva\u00e7\u00e3o de locomo\u00e7\u00e3o (Gal et al., 2005). A barata n\u00e3o perde fun\u00e7\u00f5es vitais, mas se torna d\u00f3cil e passiva. A vespa ent\u00e3o conduz o inseto como se fosse um animal de estima\u00e7\u00e3o, levando-o at\u00e9 um abrigo, onde deposita um ovo. Posteriormente, a larva se alimenta do hospedeiro vivo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/vespa-Ampulex-compressa.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" data-attachment-id=\"19565\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/parasitismo-complexo-manipulando-o-comportamento-hospedeiro\/vespa-ampulex-compressa\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/vespa-Ampulex-compressa.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1200,675\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"vespa-Ampulex compressa\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Outro caso fascinante envolve vespas parasitoides. Muitas delas utilizam aranhas ou baratas como hospedeiros tempor\u00e1rios. Por exemplo, vespas do g\u00eanero Hymenoepimecis injetam ovos em aranhas construtoras de teias. O desenvolvimento da larva ocorre lentamente, mas, em determinado est\u00e1gio, o parasita libera subst\u00e2ncias que modificam o comportamento da aranha. Em vez de tecer sua teia normal, a hospedeira cria uma estrutura refor\u00e7ada e est\u00e1tica. Essa constru\u00e7\u00e3o, no entanto, serve apenas para sustentar o casulo da vespa, que se desenvolve em seguran\u00e7a (Eberhard, 2000).&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;J\u00e1 a vespa esmeralda, Ampulex compressa, adota um processo ainda mais preciso. Ela pica diretamente o c\u00e9rebro da barata e libera neurotoxinas que reduzem sua motiva\u00e7\u00e3o de locomo\u00e7\u00e3o (Gal et al., 2005). A barata n\u00e3o perde fun\u00e7\u00f5es vitais, mas se torna d\u00f3cil e passiva. A vespa ent\u00e3o conduz o inseto como se fosse um animal de estima\u00e7\u00e3o, levando-o at\u00e9 um abrigo, onde deposita um ovo. Posteriormente, a larva se alimenta do hospedeiro vivo.&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Al\u00e9m disso, outras esp\u00e9cies de vespas mostram estrat\u00e9gias igualmente engenhosas. Algumas liberam horm\u00f4nios que prolongam a vida de seus hospedeiros, garantindo alimento fresco por mais tempo (Harvey et al., 2010). Portanto, as manipula\u00e7\u00f5es variam de simples altera\u00e7\u00f5es motoras at\u00e9 complexas transforma\u00e7\u00f5es comportamentais.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Ampulex compressa&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/vespa-Ampulex-compressa.jpg?fit=800%2C450&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/vespa-Ampulex-compressa.jpg?resize=800%2C450&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Ampulex compressa - Parasitismo complexo \u2013 manipulando o comportamento do hospedeiro\" class=\"wp-image-19565\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/vespa-Ampulex-compressa.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/vespa-Ampulex-compressa.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/vespa-Ampulex-compressa.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/vespa-Ampulex-compressa.jpg?resize=150%2C84&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/vespa-Ampulex-compressa.jpg?w=1200&amp;ssl=1 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Ampulex compressa<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-3e74f3103fc96eee9322d9b4b9ab0145\">Al\u00e9m disso, outras esp\u00e9cies de vespas mostram estrat\u00e9gias igualmente engenhosas. Algumas liberam horm\u00f4nios que prolongam a vida de seus hospedeiros, garantindo alimento fresco por mais tempo (Harvey et al., 2010). Portanto, as manipula\u00e7\u00f5es variam de simples altera\u00e7\u00f5es motoras at\u00e9 complexas transforma\u00e7\u00f5es comportamentais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-radius:100px\">\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-4c90eb77632ac22304cf544dd0b71c2d\"><em>\u201c<strong>Ao manipular o hospedeiro, o parasita redefine os limites entre autonomia e controle na biologia.<\/strong>\u201d<\/em> <br>\u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0065345410410050\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Robert Poulin<\/strong> (2010<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-723da9632242c00da23febda695d3a0e\">Esses exemplos evidenciam que o parasitismo n\u00e3o se resume \u00e0 explora\u00e7\u00e3o fisiol\u00f3gica. Ele se estende ao controle de circuitos nervosos e de padr\u00f5es instintivos. Assim, o parasita transforma o comportamento em recurso, ampliando suas chances de sucesso reprodutivo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: courier new,courier,monospace; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><strong><strong>Outros organismos e implica\u00e7\u00f5es evolutivas<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma-gondii.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"631\" height=\"351\" data-attachment-id=\"1445\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/toxoplasmose\/toxoplasmose-toxoplasma-gondii\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma-gondii.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"631,351\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"toxoplasmose-toxoplasma-gondii\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Toxoplasmose: Toxoplasma gondii&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Cisto de T. gondii em tecido de c\u00e9rebro de rato. Bradizo\u00edtos podem ser vistos no interior. by Jitinder P. Dubey&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma-gondii.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma-gondii.jpg?resize=631%2C351&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Toxoplasmose: Toxoplasma gondii\" class=\"wp-image-1445\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma-gondii.jpg?w=631&amp;ssl=1 631w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma-gondii.jpg?resize=300%2C167&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 631px) 100vw, 631px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cisto de <em>T. gondii<\/em> em tecido de c\u00e9rebro de rato. by Jitinder P. Dubey<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-d3004084bb926a786140a5d8a03ff81c\">Embora fungos e vespas se destaquem, outros organismos tamb\u00e9m exibem estrat\u00e9gias semelhantes. O protozo\u00e1rio<em> Toxoplasma gondii<\/em>, por exemplo, altera o comportamento de roedores. Animais infectados perdem o medo inato de odores de felinos, tornando-se presas f\u00e1ceis. Dessa forma, o ciclo do parasita se completa, pois ele s\u00f3 se reproduz em intestinos de gatos (Berdoy et al., 2000).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/media.wired.com\/photos\/5932432e52d99d6b984dd577\/3%3A2\/w_1600%2Cc_limit\/Leucochloridium480p.gif?w=800&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><em>Leucochloridium<\/em><\/strong>, \u00a0platelminto\u00a0que invade os ped\u00fanculos oculares de um caracol, onde pulsa para imitar uma lagarta. O verme ent\u00e3o controla mentalmente seu hospedeiro, expondo-o a c\u00e9u aberto para que p\u00e1ssaros arranquem seus olhos. No intestino do p\u00e1ssaro, o verme se reproduz, liberando seus ovos nas fezes, que s\u00e3o devorados por outro caracol, completando o ciclo de vida. GIF: Nurie Mohamed\/ Gilles San Martin\/Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-e9b80be4b4a01a541c3f28da2dd52e70\">Al\u00e9m disso, nemat\u00f3deos tamb\u00e9m manipulam insetos aqu\u00e1ticos, induzindo-os a saltar para fora da \u00e1gua. Assim, os hospedeiros acabam servindo de presas para p\u00e1ssaros, que se tornam novos hospedeiros definitivos (Thomas et al., 2002). Portanto, a diversidade de mecanismos refor\u00e7a que o controle comportamental evoluiu m\u00faltiplas vezes de maneira independente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-7d507c823aa0d5e41a3646065465b088 is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-radius:100px\">\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-850bc0866788d6790a272fd3f53267f4\"><em>\u201c<strong>O comportamento animal n\u00e3o pode ser entendido plenamente sem considerar a influ\u00eancia invis\u00edvel, mas poderosa, dos parasitas.<\/strong>\u201d<\/em> \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5779131\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">David P. Hughes (2012)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: courier new,courier,monospace; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><strong><strong>Parasitas invis\u00edveis<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-f8e471983c81edf32313b72b5000ff2b\">Essas observa\u00e7\u00f5es trazem reflex\u00f5es amplas. Primeiro, elas revelam que o <a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/comportamento-animal\/\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">comportamento animal<\/span><\/a> n\u00e3o resulta apenas de fatores gen\u00e9ticos ou ambientais cl\u00e1ssicos. Ele tamb\u00e9m pode ser moldado por parasitas invis\u00edveis. Segundo, mostram como a sele\u00e7\u00e3o natural favorece estrat\u00e9gias criativas, mesmo quando parecem cru\u00e9is sob a \u00f3tica humana. Finalmente, tais casos desafiam fronteiras conceituais. Afinal, at\u00e9 que ponto a a\u00e7\u00e3o de um organismo externo redefine a autonomia de outro?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-b11b69aaf5653931d089fd3bd71064e9\">Al\u00e9m disso, h\u00e1 implica\u00e7\u00f5es m\u00e9dicas. Estudos sobre Toxoplasma e fungos manipuladores ajudam a compreender como pat\u00f3genos interferem em sistemas nervosos complexos. Assim, pesquisas sobre insetos e aranhas podem iluminar mecanismos \u00fateis para a biomedicina (Adamo, 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-6180863585e0dcd9dcc572ff4921b068\">Em conclus\u00e3o, o parasitismo que manipula comportamentos \u00e9 uma vitrine da engenhosidade evolutiva. Fungos, vespas, protozo\u00e1rios e nemat\u00f3deos mostram que a vida encontrou caminhos para transformar hospedeiros em ferramentas de perpetua\u00e7\u00e3o. Ainda que perturbadores, esses exemplos ampliam a compreens\u00e3o da biologia como um campo em que a criatividade da natureza supera a imagina\u00e7\u00e3o humana.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong style=\"font-family: &quot;courier new&quot;, courier, monospace; font-size: 12pt;\">Fontes e refer\u00eancias:<\/strong><\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-6dcd9058eac55d178e707941ac011d21\">Adamo, S. A. (2013). <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23225861\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Parasites: evolution\u2019s neurobiologists<\/a>. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216(1), 3\u201310. DOI:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.073601\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.1242\/jeb.073601<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-c1038fa1790e27195ebe6cc56e9d0ba4\">Berdoy, M., Webster, J. P., &amp; Macdonald, D. W. (2000). <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC1690701\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fatal attraction in rats infected with <em>Toxoplasma gondii<\/em><\/a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 267(1452), 1591\u20131594. doi:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2000.1182\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.1098\/rspb.2000.1182<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-ddbe4629f2d80ad295131cfcc6a525f1\">de Bekker, C., Quevillon, L. E., Smith, P. B., Fleming, K. R., Ghosh, D., Patterson, A. D., &amp; Hughes, D. P. (2014). <a href=\"https:\/\/bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12862-014-0166-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Species-specific ant brain manipulation by a specialized fungal parasite<\/a>. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14, 166. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12862-014-0166-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">doi.org\/10.1186\/s12862-014-0166-3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-59b7735af170851a1c8cd743994924d6\">de Bekker, C., Ohm, R. A., Loreto, R. G., Sebastian, A., Albert, I., Merrow, M., &amp; Hughes, D. P. (2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12864-015-1812-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gene-expression during zombie-ant biting behavior reflects the complexity underlying fungal parasitic behavioral manipulation<\/a>. BMC Genomics, 18, 1\u201314. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12864-015-1812-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">doi.org\/10.1186\/s12864-015-1812-x<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-41ac4421b1ec54715a37bec46b24354c\">Eberhard, W. G. (2000). <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10917517\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Spider manipulation by a wasp larva<\/a>. Nature, 406(6793), 255\u2013256. DOI:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35018636\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.1038\/35018636<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-2f470dbcf8febae09047ad2a92bcb29f\">Evans, H. C., Elliot, S. L., &amp; Hughes, D. P. (2011). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mycobank.org\/details\/19\/55334\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hidden diversity behind the zombie-ant fungus <em>Ophiocordyceps unilateralis<\/em><\/a>. PLoS ONE, 6(3), e17024. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0017024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0017024<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-0324cdaf4ac9beb51cce1a1c7b009936\">Gal, R., Libersat, F., &amp; Luz, N. (2005). <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20383324\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A wasp manipulates neuronal activity in the brain of its cockroach prey<\/a>. Nature, 433(7024), 193\u2013194. DOI:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0010019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0010019<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-924107fe64af24d0b9954a8ffa9e0c39\">Harvey, J. A., Poelman, E. H., &amp; Tanaka, T. (2010). <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23092242\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Intrinsic inter- and intraspecific competition in parasitoid wasps<\/a>. Annual Review of Entomology, 55, 317\u2013338. DOI:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153622\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153622<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-2561d54e0ee097c9cf6e15d8af2e89c0\">Loreto, R. G., Elliott, S. L., Freitas, M. L. R., Pereira, T. M., &amp; Hughes, D. P. (2014). <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0103516\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Long-term disease dynamics for a specialized parasite of ant societies<\/a>. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e103516.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-0e7780d75321d91b3c7c27d65b6257b5\">Thomas, F., Poulin, R., &amp; Brodeur, J. (2002). <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-02518588\/document\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Host manipulation by parasites: a multidimensional phenomenon<\/a>. Oikos, 97(1), 3\u201312. [PDF]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/apoie-o-biologo\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"174\" height=\"147\" data-attachment-id=\"11979\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/caracal-um-mestre-da-sobrevivencia\/apoiepeq\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/apoiepeq.jpg?fit=174%2C147&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"174,147\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"apoiepeq\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Apoie o Bi\u00f3logo&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/apoiepeq.jpg?fit=174%2C147&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/apoiepeq.jpg?resize=174%2C147&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"Apoie o Bi\u00f3logo\" class=\"wp-image-11979\" style=\"width:156px;height:auto\" title=\"Apoie o Bi\u00f3logo\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/apoie-o-biologo\/\">Apoie o Bi\u00f3logo<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Parasitismo complexo: na natureza, algumas rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre parasitas e hospedeiros surpreendem pela sofistica\u00e7\u00e3o. Entre elas, destacam-se os casos em que<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19561,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"\u201cAo manipular o hospedeiro, o parasita redefine os limites entre autonomia e controle na biologia.\u201d \n\u2014 Robert Poulin (2010).","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[138,121,136,27],"tags":[30,271,316,315,73],"class_list":["post-19548","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-comportamento","category-evolucao","category-parasitologia","category-zoologia","tag-biomedicina","tag-comportamento","tag-parasitismo","tag-parasitologia","tag-zoologia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Parasitismo complexo \u2013 manipulando o comportamento hospedeiro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Parasitismo complexo \u2013 manipulando o comportamento hospedeiro. 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