{"id":2516,"date":"2017-06-06T12:18:10","date_gmt":"2017-06-06T15:18:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/?p=2516"},"modified":"2021-07-07T16:14:17","modified_gmt":"2021-07-07T19:14:17","slug":"filogenetica-molecular","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/filogenetica-molecular\/","title":{"rendered":"Filogen\u00e9tica molecular"},"content":{"rendered":"

A filogen\u00e9tica molecular<\/strong><\/span>, tamb\u00e9m conhecida como sistem\u00e1tica molecular<\/strong>, \u00e9 o uso das estruturas das mol\u00e9culas para se obter\u00a0informa\u00e7\u00e3o sobre as rela\u00e7\u00f5es evolutivas de um organismo.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c9 o ramo da filogenia<\/a> <\/span>que analisa as diferen\u00e7as moleculares heredit\u00e1rias<\/a><\/span>, principalmente em sequ\u00eancias de DNA. O resultado de uma an\u00e1lise filogen\u00e9tica molecular \u00e9 expresso em uma \u00e1rvore filogen\u00e9tica.<\/span><\/p>\n

Filogen\u00e9tica molecular<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
\"FILOGENIA\"<\/a>
Antiga \u00e1rvore filogen\u00e9tica<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A<\/strong><\/span>s estruturas te\u00f3ricas para a sistem\u00e1tica molecular foram estabelecidas na d\u00e9cada de 1960 nas obras de Emile Zuckerkandl, Emanuel Margoliash, Linus Pauling e Walter M. Fitch. <\/span><\/p>\n

As aplica\u00e7\u00f5es da sistem\u00e1tica molecular foram pioneiras por Charles G. Sibley (ornitologia<\/a><\/span>), Herbert C. Dessauer (herpetologia<\/a><\/span>) e Morris Goodman (primatologia<\/a><\/span>), seguido por Allan C. Wilson, Robert K. Selander e John C. Avise (que estudou v\u00e1rios grupos). <\/span><\/p>\n

O trabalho com eletroforese prot\u00e9ica come\u00e7ou em torno de 1956. Embora os resultados n\u00e3o fossem quantitativos e n\u00e3o melhorassem inicialmente a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o morfol\u00f3gica, eles forneceram dicas de que as no\u00e7\u00f5es de longa data das classifica\u00e7\u00f5es de aves, por exemplo, precisavam de revis\u00e3o substancial. No per\u00edodo de 1974-1986, a hibrida\u00e7\u00e3o DNA-DNA foi a t\u00e9cnica dominante.<\/span><\/p>\n

Todo organismo vivo cont\u00e9m DNA, ARN e prote\u00ednas. Em geral, organismos estreitamente relacionados t\u00eam um alto grau de concord\u00e2ncia na estrutura molecular dessas subst\u00e2ncias, enquanto que as mol\u00e9culas de organismos distanciados geralmente apresentam um padr\u00e3o de dissimilaridade.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es e t\u00e9cnicas<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\"Gen\u00e9tica<\/a>
DNA lab | SNRE Lab: Molecular DNA | University of Michigan School of Natural Resources & Environment | Flickr<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

As sequ\u00eancias conservadas, como o DNA mitocondrial, devem acumular muta\u00e7\u00f5es ao longo do tempo. A filogenia molecular usa esses dados para construir uma “\u00e1rvore de relacionamento” que mostra a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o prov\u00e1vel de v\u00e1rios organismos.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0Gen\u00e9tica molecular<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Com a inven\u00e7\u00e3o do sequenciamento de Sanger em 1977, tornou-se vi\u00e1vel isolar e identificar essas estruturas moleculares. O sequenciamento de alto rendimento tamb\u00e9m pode ser usado para obter o transcriptoma de um organismo, permitindo a infer\u00eancia de rela\u00e7\u00f5es filogen\u00e9ticas usando dados transcript\u00f4micos.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Filogen\u00e9tica<\/a>
Samantha Pellegrino, t\u00e9cnica em Filogen\u00e9tica molecular preparando amostras<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A abordagem mais comum \u00e9 a compara\u00e7\u00e3o de sequ\u00eancias hom\u00f3logas para genes que utilizam t\u00e9cnicas de alinhamento de sequ\u00eancias para identificar semelhan\u00e7a. <\/span><\/p>\n

Outra aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de filogenia molecular est\u00e1 em c\u00f3digo de barras de DNA, onde as esp\u00e9cies de um organismo individual s\u00e3o identificadas usando pequenas se\u00e7\u00f5es de DNA mitocondrial ou DNA de cloroplasto. <\/span><\/p>\n

Outra aplica\u00e7\u00e3o das t\u00e9cnicas que tornam isso poss\u00edvel pode ser vista no campo muito limitado da gen\u00e9tica<\/a> humana, como o uso cada vez mais popular de testes gen\u00e9ticos para determinar a paternidade de uma crian\u00e7a, bem como o surgimento de um novo ramo do crime Forense<\/a> <\/span>centrada em evid\u00eancias conhecidas como impress\u00f5es gen\u00e9ticas.<\/span><\/p>\n

Abordagem da Filogen\u00e9tica molecular<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

A sistem\u00e1tica molecular \u00e9 uma abordagem essencialmente clad\u00edstica: assume que a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o deve corresponder \u00e0 descida filogen\u00e9tica e que todos os t\u00e1xons v\u00e1lidos devem ser monofil\u00e9ticos.<\/span><\/p>\n

A recente descoberta de extensa transfer\u00eancia horizontal de genes entre organismos fornece uma complica\u00e7\u00e3o significativa \u00e0 sistem\u00e1tica molecular, indicando que diferentes genes dentro do mesmo organismo podem ter diferentes filogenias.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A filogen\u00e9tica molecular, tamb\u00e9m conhecida como sistem\u00e1tica molecular, \u00e9 o uso das estruturas das mol\u00e9culas para se obter\u00a0informa\u00e7\u00e3o sobre as<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2524,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[129,5,17,119,2,40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2516","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biodiversidade","category-biologiamolecular","category-biomedicas","category-bioquimica","category-genetica","category-taxonomia"],"yoast_head":"\nFilogen\u00e9tica molecular (sistem\u00e1tica molecular) - 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