{"id":7526,"date":"2020-08-12T18:27:28","date_gmt":"2020-08-12T21:27:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/?p=7526"},"modified":"2020-09-27T15:40:56","modified_gmt":"2020-09-27T18:40:56","slug":"darwin-na-taxonomia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/darwin-na-taxonomia\/","title":{"rendered":"Darwin na taxonomia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>Darwin na taxonomia: <\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nova forma de classificar os seres vivos privilegia a hist\u00f3ria evolutiva e abandona as divis\u00f5es da classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Lineu.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; font-size: 24pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>Darwin na taxonomia<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;\">12\/8\/2020 ::\u00a0 Marcos Pivetta\/Pesquisa FAPESP. \u00a0<span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-ND 4.0<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong>D<\/strong><\/span>ois livros lan\u00e7ados em junho sistematizam uma proposta alternativa de classificar os seres vivos a partir de sua hist\u00f3ria evolutiva, de suas rela\u00e7\u00f5es de ascend\u00eancia e descend\u00eancia, independentemente de suas caracter\u00edsticas anat\u00f4micas e sem o emprego das tradicionais categorias taxon\u00f4micas hier\u00e1rquicas, como dom\u00ednios, reinos, filos, classes, ordens, fam\u00edlias e g\u00eaneros. <\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7035\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7035\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/no-jardim-de-darwin\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"7035\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/no-jardim-de-darwin\/no-jardim-de-darwin-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/No-jardim-de-Darwin.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"631,351\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"No-jardim-de-Darwin\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;No jardim de Darwin. S\u00e9rie da BBC em que o entomologista Jimmy Doherty segue os passos de Charles Darwin e refaz suas experi\u00eancias nos jardins e estufas da mesma casa onde o famoso naturalista brit\u00e2nico realizou seus experimentos, afim de validar a sua Teoria da Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o das Esp\u00e9cies&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/No-jardim-de-Darwin.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-7035 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/No-jardim-de-Darwin.jpg?resize=300%2C167&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"No jardim de Darwin\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/No-jardim-de-Darwin.jpg?resize=300%2C167&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/No-jardim-de-Darwin.jpg?w=631&amp;ssl=1 631w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7035\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/no-jardim-de-darwin\/\">No jardim de Darwin<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Essas divis\u00f5es derivam das ideias apresentadas em meados do s\u00e9culo XVIII em sucessivas edi\u00e7\u00f5es da c\u00e9lebre obra\u00a0<em>Systema Naturae<\/em>, do naturalista sueco Carl von Linn\u00e9, mais conhecido como <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/lineu\/\">Lineu<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/os-manuscritos-de-darwin\/\">Os manuscritos de Darwin<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/documentario-darwin\/\">Document\u00e1rio Darwin<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Os defensores do PhyloCode, nome formal da iniciativa rec\u00e9m-proposta, consideram as categorias de matriz lineana, ainda hoje um dos pilares da taxonomia, como abstra\u00e7\u00f5es descoladas da realidade biol\u00f3gica que n\u00e3o fazem mais sentido diante do avan\u00e7o da <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/filogenia\/\">filogenia<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1618\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1618\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/sistema-naturae-lineu.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1618\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/lineu\/sistema-naturae-lineu\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/sistema-naturae-lineu.jpg?fit=273%2C416&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"273,416\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"sistema-naturae-lineu\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Capa de Systema natur\u00e6 (1758), a obra em que Lineu delineou a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o das esp\u00e9cies de animais.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Capa de Systema natur\u00e6 (1758), a obra em que Lineu delineou a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o das esp\u00e9cies de animais.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/sistema-naturae-lineu.jpg?fit=273%2C416&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-1618 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/sistema-naturae-lineu.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Lineu - Systema natur\u00e6\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/sistema-naturae-lineu.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/sistema-naturae-lineu.jpg?resize=273%2C272&amp;ssl=1 273w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1618\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;\">Obra em que Lineu delineou a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o das esp\u00e9cies.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tamb\u00e9m criticam as dificuldades de incorporar a descoberta de novas esp\u00e9cies e revis\u00f5es de suas rela\u00e7\u00f5es de parentesco em um sistema baseado em divis\u00f5es taxon\u00f4micas estanques.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201cA contribui\u00e7\u00e3o de Lineu para a biologia foi revolucion\u00e1ria e notavelmente duradoura, mas ela era pr\u00e9-evolucionista e antecede em um s\u00e9culo a publica\u00e7\u00e3o de\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/a-origem-das-especies\/\"><em>A origem das esp\u00e9cies<\/em><\/a><\/span>, de Charles Darwin\u201d, diz, em entrevista por e-mail, a\u00a0<em>Pesquisa FAPESP<\/em>\u00a0o bi\u00f3logo norte-americano Philip Cantino, da Universidade de Ohio, um dos idealizadores do PhyloCode, ao lado do colega Kevin de Queiroz, do Museu Nacional de Hist\u00f3ria Natural, de Washington, Estados Unidos.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;\">Uma dose de Darwin na taxonomia<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A dupla assina o livro\u00a0<em>International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode)<\/em>, que cont\u00e9m as normas e diretrizes fundamentais da proposta. \u201cApesar de a aceita\u00e7\u00e3o quase universal da premissa de que a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o deveria se basear em rela\u00e7\u00f5es filogen\u00e9ticas, os bi\u00f3logos continuam a nomear clados [grupos de organismos que descendem de um ancestral comum] usando um sistema pr\u00e9-evolutivo.\u201d<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">A teoria da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o de Darwin prop\u00f4s a ideia, hoje amplamente aceita, de que as esp\u00e9cies contempor\u00e2neas descendem de formas de vida do passado.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/filogenia\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1199\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/filogenia\/filogenia-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/filogenia.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"631,351\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"filogenia\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;FILOGENIA&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;FILOGENIA&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/filogenia.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1199 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/filogenia.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"FILOGENIA\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/filogenia.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/filogenia.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/filogenia.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">O volume\u00a0<em>Phylonyms: A companion to the PhyloCode<\/em>, organizado por de Queiroz, Cantino e o paleont\u00f3logo norte-americano Jacques Gauthier, da Universidade Yale, inclui as defini\u00e7\u00f5es, nos moldes do PhyloCode, de cerca de 300 linhagens de seres vivos, os chamados clados, desde microrganismos at\u00e9 plantas e animais. Entre as centenas de colaboradores do\u00a0<em>Phylonyms<\/em>, figuram tr\u00eas pesquisadores de institui\u00e7\u00f5es brasileiras como autores principais da defini\u00e7\u00e3o de certos grupos de organismo. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">O paleont\u00f3logo Max Langer, da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (USP),\u00a0<em>campus<\/em>\u00a0de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, coordenou a elabora\u00e7\u00e3o do texto sobre dinossauros e tamb\u00e9m assina aqueles sobre os clados Saurischia e Sauropodomorpha. Em dupla com Richard Olmstead, da Universidade de Washington, a bot\u00e2nica L\u00facia Lohmann, tamb\u00e9m da USP, produziu o verbete sobre as Bignoniaceae, grupo de plantas que inclui \u00e1rvores, arbustos e lianas. O zo\u00f3logo Martin Lindsey Christoffersen, da Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba (UFPB), redigiu, sozinho, a defini\u00e7\u00e3o de dois clados de crust\u00e1ceos dec\u00e1podes, Polycarpidea e Prochelata.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">PhyloCode<\/span><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"7527\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/darwin-na-taxonomia\/darwin-na-taxonomia-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Darwin-na-taxonomia.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"631,351\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Darwin-na-taxonomia\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Darwin na taxonomia. Filogenia, classifica\u00e7\u00e3o.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Darwin na taxonomia&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Darwin-na-taxonomia.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignright wp-image-7527 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Darwin-na-taxonomia.jpg?resize=300%2C167&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Darwin na taxonomia\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Darwin-na-taxonomia.jpg?resize=300%2C167&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Darwin-na-taxonomia.jpg?w=631&amp;ssl=1 631w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/> <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Parte dos pesquisadores de algumas \u00e1reas, como a paleontologia de vertebrados e a bot\u00e2nica, adota h\u00e1 muito tempo o PhyloCode em seus trabalhos cient\u00edficos. Mas a proposta n\u00e3o \u00e9 reconhecida pelos c\u00f3digos internacionais de nomenclatura e ainda est\u00e1 longe de ser um consenso no meio acad\u00eamico. Nesse novo sistema de classifica\u00e7\u00e3o, existem apenas duas categorias, as esp\u00e9cies e os clados. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Os formuladores do PhyloCode chegaram a pensar em alterar a forma de dar nome \u00e0s esp\u00e9cies, mas desistiram da ideia. \u201cIsso iria causar muitos problemas\u201d, reconhece de Queiroz. Desde a edi\u00e7\u00e3o de\u00a0<em>Systema Naturae<\/em>, de 1758, as esp\u00e9cies passaram a ser batizadas de acordo com os preceitos da chamada nomenclatura binomial. <\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4809\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4809\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/cladistica\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"4809\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/cladistica\/cladistica\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/cladistica.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"631,351\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"cladistica\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;A\u00a0Clad\u00edstica (sistem\u00e1tica filogen\u00e9tica) \u00e9 baseada no princ\u00edpio que agrupa esp\u00e9cies em grupos naturais de acordo com hip\u00f3teses de rela\u00e7\u00f5es evolutivas. Em outras palavras, \u00e9\u00a0o sistema de classifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos seres vivos de acordo com a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o de cada esp\u00e9cie.\u00a0&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Clad\u00edstica &lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/cladistica.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-4809 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/cladistica.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/cladistica.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/cladistica.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/cladistica.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4809\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/cladistica\/\">Clad\u00edstica<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cada forma \u00fanica de vida \u00e9 designada por dois termos, geralmente de origem latina (ou grega), escritos em it\u00e1lico. O primeiro, de car\u00e1ter menos particular, define o g\u00eanero e sua primeira letra \u00e9 grafada em mai\u00fasculo. O segundo, que pode ser derivado de uma caracter\u00edstica marcante do ser em quest\u00e3o, de sua distribui\u00e7\u00e3o geogr\u00e1fica ou simplesmente uma refer\u00eancia (em forma de homenagem) a uma pessoa, determina a esp\u00e9cie em si.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> Ele \u00e9 todo escrito em caracteres min\u00fasculos. Seguindo essa norma, Lineu batizou a esp\u00e9cie do homem moderno de\u00a0<em>Homo sapiens<\/em>. Em latim,\u00a0<em>homo<\/em>\u00a0quer dizer ser humano e\u00a0<em>sapiens<\/em>, s\u00e1bio ou inteligente.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>Clado e a \u00e1rvore da vida<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">O conceito de clado, pilar do PhyloCode, est\u00e1 associado \u00e0 ideia evolutiva de que as formas de vida descendem de seus antecessores, dos quais herdam certas caracter\u00edsticas. A met\u00e1fora comumente usada \u00e9 a da \u00e1rvore da vida. Na base de seu tronco, figura o aparecimento da vida na Terra, por volta de 4 bilh\u00f5es de anos atr\u00e1s, de uma hipot\u00e9tica popula\u00e7\u00e3o de microrganismos da qual, em \u00faltima inst\u00e2ncia, todos os seres, atuais e do passado, derivam. Com o passar do tempo, a \u00e1rvore da vida gera galhos, que se subdividem em outros ramos e assim por diante. <\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2818\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2818\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/especies-ameacadas\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2818\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/especies-ameacadas\/especies-ameacadas-lemures\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/especies-ameacadas-lemures.jpg?fit=739%2C334&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"739,334\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"especies-ameacadas-lemures\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Esp\u00e9cies amea\u00e7adas: em risco a biodiversidade em todo o planeta, mesmo com as novas tecnologias e os esfor\u00e7os crescentes para proteger as esp\u00e9cies. by http:\/\/maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Esp\u00e9cies amea\u00e7adas:&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/especies-ameacadas-lemures.jpg?fit=739%2C334&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-2818 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/especies-ameacadas-lemures.jpg?resize=300%2C136&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Esp\u00e9cies amea\u00e7adas: Lemure\" width=\"300\" height=\"136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/especies-ameacadas-lemures.jpg?resize=300%2C136&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/especies-ameacadas-lemures.jpg?w=739&amp;ssl=1 739w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2818\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">L\u00eamure<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A partir de um certo momento, alguns desses n\u00f3s se desenvolvem em paralelo, de forma independente. Outros permanecem conectados. Outros ainda s\u00e3o mesmo cortados (quando uma esp\u00e9cie se extingue). De raiz grega, o voc\u00e1bulo clado significa ramo. Na biologia, em termos evolutivos, um clado (tamb\u00e9m denominado grupo monofil\u00e9tico) \u00e9 formado pelo conjunto de todos os organismos que descendem de um determinado ancestral comum.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Complicado? Exemplos ajudam a entender o conceito. Na classifica\u00e7\u00e3o tradicional, os primatas formam uma ordem, n\u00edvel taxon\u00f4mico que pode englobar in\u00fameras subdivis\u00f5es, como subordem, superfam\u00edlia, fam\u00edlia, subfam\u00edlia, tribo, g\u00eanero e esp\u00e9cie. Dessa ordem, fazem parte,\u00a0<em>grosso modo<\/em>, l\u00eamures, l\u00f3rises, t\u00e1rsios, macacos e o homem moderno. <\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7793\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7793\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/darwin-atualizado\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"7793\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/darwin-atualizado\/darwin-atualizado-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Darwin-atualizado.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"631,351\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Darwin-atualizado\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Darwin atualizado. Neodarwinismo, dna, gen\u00e9tica. charles darwin&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Darwin-atualizado.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-7793 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Darwin-atualizado.jpg?resize=300%2C167&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Darwin atualizado\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Darwin-atualizado.jpg?resize=300%2C167&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Darwin-atualizado.jpg?w=631&amp;ssl=1 631w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7793\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/darwin-atualizado\/\">Darwin atualizado<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">No PhyloCode, os primatas formam um clado, assim definido: o mais recente ancestral comum das esp\u00e9cies\u00a0<em>Lemur catta<\/em>\u00a0(L\u00eamure-de-cauda-anelada),\u00a0<em>Loris tardigradus<\/em>\u00a0(l\u00f3ris-delgado-vermelho),\u00a0<em>Tarsius tarsier<\/em>\u00a0(t\u00e1rsio) e\u00a0<em>Homo sapiens<\/em>\u00a0(homem moderno) e todos os seus descendentes. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Na pr\u00e1tica, as formas de vida que pertencem \u00e0 ordem dos primatas, no contexto da taxonomia tradicional, e ao clado dos primatas, sob a \u00f3tica do PhyloCode, s\u00e3o essencialmente as mesmas. Isso ocorre porque o clado dos primatas foi definido a partir das rela\u00e7\u00f5es de ancestralidade de representantes dos quatro principais grupos tradicionalmente abrigados na ordem dos primatas (um l\u00eamure, um l\u00f3ris, um t\u00e1rsio e o homem moderno).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Fonte: <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Revista Fapesp<\/a> &gt;\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a title=\"Uma dose de Darwin na taxonomia\" href=\"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/uma-dose-de-darwin-na-taxonomia\/\">Uma dose de Darwin na taxonomia<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Darwin na taxonomia: Nova forma de classificar os seres vivos privilegia a hist\u00f3ria evolutiva e abandona as divis\u00f5es da classifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7527,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Darwin na taxonomia: Nova forma de classificar os seres vivos privilegia a hist\u00f3ria evolutiva e abandona as divis\u00f5es da classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Lineu.","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[121,40,27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7526","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-evolucao","category-taxonomia","category-zoologia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Darwin na taxonomia: Clad\u00edstica e Filogenia - Bi\u00f3logo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nova forma de classificar os organismos privilegia a hist\u00f3ria evolutiva e abandona as divis\u00f5es da classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Lineu. 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