{"id":9365,"date":"2021-05-13T18:01:51","date_gmt":"2021-05-13T21:01:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/?p=9365"},"modified":"2022-09-16T14:22:16","modified_gmt":"2022-09-16T17:22:16","slug":"especiacao-em-aves","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/especiacao-em-aves\/","title":{"rendered":"Especia\u00e7\u00e3o em aves"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>Especia\u00e7\u00e3o em aves: <\/strong><\/span>Tons da plumagem e vocaliza\u00e7\u00e3o favorecem a forma\u00e7\u00e3o de novas esp\u00e9cies em um grupo de aves.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; font-size: 24pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>Especia\u00e7\u00e3o em aves<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;\">13\/5\/2021 ::\u00a0 Por Marcos Pivetta e Eduardo Geraque\/Fapesp<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong>E<\/strong><\/span>specia\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 o termo usado em <a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/biologia-evolutiva\/\">biologia evolutiva<\/a> para designar o processo que leva ao aparecimento de uma nova esp\u00e9cie a partir de um grupo que se destaca dos demais membros de uma popula\u00e7\u00e3o ancestral e acaba desenvolvendo caracter\u00edsticas \u00fanicas. Na maioria dos casos, esse mecanismo \u00e9 bem lento, ocorre ao longo de v\u00e1rias gera\u00e7\u00f5es e pode se prolongar por milhares ou at\u00e9 milh\u00f5es de anos. <\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6638\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6638\" style=\"width: 174px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/papagaios-inteligentes\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6638\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/papagaios-inteligentes\/papagaios-inteligentes\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Papagaios-inteligentes.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"631,351\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Papagaios-inteligentes\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Gopal Vijayaraghavan \/ CC BY (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0) Papagaios inteligentes: Aves da Nova Zel\u00e2ndia conseguem estimar probabilidades, capacidade at\u00e9 agora detectada apenas em seres humanos e chimpanz\u00e9s.  aves neozelandesas (Nestor notabilis)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Um Kea adulto na Nova Zel\u00e2ndia.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Papagaios-inteligentes.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-6638\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Papagaios-inteligentes.jpg?resize=174%2C94&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Papagaios inteligentes - Nestor notabilis\" width=\"174\" height=\"94\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6638\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/papagaios-inteligentes\/\">Papagaios inteligentes<\/a><\/span> &#8211; <em>Nestor notabilis<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A consolida\u00e7\u00e3o de uma nova esp\u00e9cie geralmente ocorre depois que seus representantes se isolam geograficamente da popula\u00e7\u00e3o original, e esses dois grupos de indiv\u00edduos perdem a capacidade de trocar material gen\u00e9tico e gerar descendentes vi\u00e1veis.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/pesquisa-e-amor-pelas-aves\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pesquisa e amor pelas aves<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/diversificacao-das-aves-amazonicas\/\">Diversifica\u00e7\u00e3o das aves amaz\u00f4nicas<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mas, em certas circunst\u00e2ncias, novas esp\u00e9cies podem se formar antes de haver separa\u00e7\u00e3o f\u00edsica ou incompatibilidade gen\u00e9tica entre a popula\u00e7\u00e3o ancestral e o grupo que dela se separou.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Um estudo publicado em 25 de mar\u00e7o na revista\u00a0<em>Science<\/em>\u00a0sugere que a emerg\u00eancia de uns poucos tra\u00e7os f\u00edsicos e comportamentais, como a cor da plumagem dos machos e seu padr\u00e3o de canto, \u00e9 fator suficientemente forte para estimular o surgimento de novas esp\u00e9cies de caboclinhos, pequenas aves do g\u00eanero\u00a0<em>Sporophila<\/em> que englobam mais de 40 esp\u00e9cies e que vivem principalmente em \u00e1reas abertas da Am\u00e9rica do Sul. Com cerca de 10 cent\u00edmetros de comprimento e pesando menos de 10 gramas, os caboclinhos chamam a aten\u00e7\u00e3o por seu canto melodioso.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>Cores e cantos da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9366\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9366\" style=\"width: 129px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Especiacao-em-aves.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"9366\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/especiacao-em-aves\/especiacao-em-aves-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Especiacao-em-aves.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"631,351\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Especia\u00e7\u00e3o-em-aves\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Especia\u00e7\u00e3o em aves: Tons da plumagem e vocaliza\u00e7\u00e3o favorecem a forma\u00e7\u00e3o de novas esp\u00e9cies em um grupo de aves. Caboclinho de barriga vermelha &amp;#8211; Sporophila hypoxantha&lt;br \/&gt;\nTawny-bellied Seedeater&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Caboclinho de barriga vermelha &amp;#8211; Sporophila hypoxantha by Luiz Carlos Rocha&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Especiacao-em-aves.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-9366 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Especiacao-em-aves.jpg?resize=129%2C123&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Especia\u00e7\u00e3o em aves\" width=\"129\" height=\"123\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9366\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;\">Caboclinho-de-barriga vermelha &#8211; <em>S. hypoxantha<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">. <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a9 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/luizmrocha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Luiz Carlos Rocha<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Segundo o trabalho, feito por uma equipe internacional de bi\u00f3logos e ornit\u00f3logos, duas esp\u00e9cies desse grupo de aves \u2013 o caboclinho-do-iber\u00e1 (<em>Sporophila iberaensis<\/em>) e o caboclinho-de-barriga-vermelha (<em>Sporophila<\/em>\u00a0<em>hypoxantha<\/em>) \u2013 dividem o mesmo h\u00e1bitat (a por\u00e7\u00e3o norte dos Esteros del Iber\u00e1, uma \u00e1rea pantanosa no centro da Argentina), t\u00eam genomas quase id\u00eanticos e s\u00e3o capazes de gerar descendentes h\u00edbridos f\u00e9rteis, como demonstram experimentos em cativeiro.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> Ambos os caboclinhos fazem ninhos em \u00e1reas muito pr\u00f3ximas, reproduzem-se na mesma \u00e9poca e dividem os locais de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o. Ainda assim, de acordo com experimentos de campo e an\u00e1lises gen\u00e9ticas, as f\u00eameas quase sempre se reproduzem com os machos de sua esp\u00e9cie e evitam os pretendentes da esp\u00e9cie vizinha. No estudo, foi analisado o DNA de 37 exemplares de machos e f\u00eameas das duas esp\u00e9cies.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7900\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7900\" style=\"width: 155px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/ararajuba\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"7900\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/ararajuba\/ararajuba-guaruba-guarouba\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/ararajuba-Guaruba-guarouba.jpg?fit=262%2C361&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"262,361\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ararajuba-Guaruba-guarouba\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;ararajuba&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/ararajuba-Guaruba-guarouba.jpg?fit=262%2C361&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-7900 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/ararajuba-Guaruba-guarouba.jpg?resize=155%2C214&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"155\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/ararajuba-Guaruba-guarouba.jpg?resize=218%2C300&amp;ssl=1 218w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/ararajuba-Guaruba-guarouba.jpg?w=262&amp;ssl=1 262w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 155px) 100vw, 155px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7900\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/ararajuba\/\">Ararajuba<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Para os autores do artigo, as f\u00eameas determinam a esp\u00e9cie de seus parceiros de acasalamento pela cor das penas e seu padr\u00e3o de canto. Ao longo do tempo, essa prefer\u00eancia sexual teria levado \u00e0 separa\u00e7\u00e3o das duas esp\u00e9cies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> \u201cO estudo mostra que as esp\u00e9cies podem surgir e divergir rapidamente com base em caracteres como a plumagem e o canto; tamb\u00e9m indica que a separa\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica completa pode demorar muito mais tempo para aparecer\u201d, afirma o ornit\u00f3logo Lu\u00eds F\u00e1bio Silveira, curador das cole\u00e7\u00f5es de aves do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (MZ-USP), um dos autores do artigo, que desenvolve projeto financiado pela FAPESP voltado ao estudo de esp\u00e9cies end\u00eamicas de trechos da Mata Atl\u00e2ntica do Nordeste, onde tamb\u00e9m ocorrem algumas formas de caboclinhos. \u201cO isolamento morfol\u00f3gico e comportamental ocorre muito antes do gen\u00e9tico, e isso pode ser um fator preponderante para o surgimento de novas esp\u00e9cies.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; font-size: 12pt;\">Para se pleitear a exist\u00eancia de uma nova esp\u00e9cie<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Atualmente, tr\u00eas crit\u00e9rios fundamentais s\u00e3o usados para propor a exist\u00eancia de novas esp\u00e9cies de aves: a an\u00e1lise de sua morfologia, de seu material gen\u00e9tico e de suas vocaliza\u00e7\u00f5es. Para alguns autores, basta haver diferen\u00e7as em um desses par\u00e2metros para se pleitear a exist\u00eancia de uma nova esp\u00e9cie. Outros consideram mais prudente fazer tal proposta quando pelo menos dois crit\u00e9rios se mostram distintos.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1170\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1170\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/especies-ameacadas\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1170\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/especies-ameacadas\/arara-azul-de-lear\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Arara-azul-de-lear.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"631,351\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Arara-azul-de-lear\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Fam\u00edlia de Arara-azul-de-lear reunida na entrada do ninho &amp;#8211; os dois filhotes, atr\u00e1s dos pais, est\u00e3o prestes a sa\u00edrem em seu primeiro v\u00f4o (Canudos Biological Station &amp;#8211; BA).&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Fam\u00edlia de Arara-azul-de-lear reunida na entrada do ninho &amp;#8211; os dois filhotes, atr\u00e1s dos pais, est\u00e3o prestes a sa\u00edrem em seu primeiro v\u00f4o (Canudos Biological Station &amp;#8211; BA).&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Arara-azul-de-lear.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-1170 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Arara-azul-de-lear.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Arara-azul-de-lear - Esp\u00e9cies amea\u00e7adas\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Arara-azul-de-lear.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Arara-azul-de-lear.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Arara-azul-de-lear.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1170\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/especies-ameacadas\/\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Esp\u00e9cies amea\u00e7adas<\/span><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A apar\u00eancia dos machos e das f\u00eameas de caboclinhos exibe algumas particularidades. Em todas as esp\u00e9cies, e n\u00e3o apenas nas duas estudadas no parque argentino<span style=\"color: #000000;\">, a colora\u00e7\u00e3o das f\u00eameas \u00e9 muito semelhante. Seu dorso \u00e9 mais escuro e a parte ventral mais clara, em tons oliva. No entanto, os machos de cada esp\u00e9cie tendem a exibir uma plumagem bem espec\u00edfica. O caboclinho-do-iber\u00e1, por exemplo, tem o ventre forrado por penas claras, bastante diverso da cor alaranjada que reveste essa parte do corpo do caboclinho-de-barriga-vermelha.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ao lado do bi\u00f3logo evolutivo argentino Leonardo Campagna, do Laborat\u00f3rio de Ornitologia da Universidade Cornell, dos Estados Unidos, Silveira tem estudado a origem e o processo de especia\u00e7\u00e3o em aves do g\u00eanero\u00a0<em>Sporophila<\/em>, os caboclinhos (<em>ver\u00a0<\/em>Pesquisa FAPESP\u00a0<em>n\u00ba<sup>s<\/sup>\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/a-origem-dos-caboclinhos\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">236<\/a>\u00a0e\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/genetica-explica-cor-das-penas-de-caboclinhos-e-asas-atrofiadas-de-corvo-marinho\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">256<\/a><\/em>). <\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt;\">\u201cEsse \u00e9 um grupo muito especial de aves por causa da grande semelhan\u00e7a gen\u00e9tica entre suas esp\u00e9cies. Ele est\u00e1 no in\u00edcio do processo de especia\u00e7\u00e3o e isso nos permite focar nas poucas \u00e1reas do genoma que s\u00e3o diferentes e provavelmente respons\u00e1veis pelo aparecimento e evolu\u00e7\u00e3o de esp\u00e9cies distintas\u201d, comenta Campagna, coordenador dos trabalhos da equipe que produziu o estudo sobre o caboclinho-do-iber\u00e1 e o caboclinho-de-barriga-vermelha. <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h5><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\"><strong> Colora\u00e7\u00e3o da plumagem<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">O DNA dessas duas esp\u00e9cies \u00e9 igual em 99,9%. Apenas 12 genes apresentam sequ\u00eancias distintas, sendo tr\u00eas deles envolvidos com a colora\u00e7\u00e3o da plumagem. \u201cA maioria das esp\u00e9cies conhecidas de aves est\u00e1 evoluindo separadamente h\u00e1 muito tempo e apresentam tantas diferen\u00e7as que \u00e9 muito dif\u00edcil saber quais eram realmente importantes no come\u00e7o da especia\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d, afirma o bi\u00f3logo evolutivo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Conduzido por uma aluna de doutorado da Universidade do Colorado, em Boulder, Estados Unidos, a bi\u00f3loga norte-americana Sheela Turbek, que \u00e9 a primeira autora do estudo rec\u00e9m-publicado, um experimento de campo feito ao longo de tr\u00eas anos em Esteros del Iber\u00e1 forneceu os ind\u00edcios mais fortes do comportamento sexual das duas esp\u00e9cies de caboclinhos na natureza. <\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9367\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9367\" style=\"width: 631px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Sporophila-collaris.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"9367\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/especiacao-em-aves\/sporophila-collaris\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Sporophila-collaris.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"631,351\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Sporophila-collaris\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Sporophila collaris&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;(Sporophila collaris)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Sporophila-collaris.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-9367 size-full\" title=\"Sporophila collaris, o coleiro-do-brejo\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Sporophila-collaris.jpg?resize=631%2C351&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Sporophila collaris, o coleiro-do-brejo - Especia\u00e7\u00e3o em aves\" width=\"631\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Sporophila-collaris.jpg?w=631&amp;ssl=1 631w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Sporophila-collaris.jpg?resize=300%2C167&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 631px) 100vw, 631px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9367\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Sporophila collaris<\/span><\/em><\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a9<\/span><\/span> <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/people\/9919745@N03\" rel=\"nofollow\">Ron Knight<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">No territ\u00f3rio dos machos, ela instalou r\u00e9plicas de madeira da vers\u00e3o masculina do caboclinho-do-iber\u00e1, do caboclinho-de-barriga-vermelha e de\u00a0<em>Sporophila collaris<\/em>, o coleiro-do-brejo, ave que tem uma plumagem com um padr\u00e3o de cor intermedi\u00e1rio entre a de\u00a0<em>Sporophila iberaensis\u00a0<\/em>e\u00a0<em>Sporophila<\/em>\u00a0<em>hypoxantha<\/em>. Ao lado das r\u00e9plicas, Turbek tocou, de forma alternada, grava\u00e7\u00f5es com o canto dos machos do caboclinho-do-iber\u00e1 e do caboclinho-de-barriga-vermelha e observou, ao longo de tr\u00eas anos de trabalho de campo, como 76 machos de verdade dessas duas esp\u00e9cies (36 de\u00a0<em>Sporophila iberaensis\u00a0<\/em>e 40 de\u00a0<em>Sporophila hypoxantha<\/em>) se comportavam diante de falsa concorr\u00eancia das aves de madeira.<\/span><\/p>\n<h6><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; font-size: 12pt;\">Comportamento <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h6>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Os caboclinhos-do-iber\u00e1 se mostraram mais agressivos quando reconheciam seu pr\u00f3prio canto e encontravam um falso macho de madeira de sua esp\u00e9cie \u2013 um competidor em potencial pela corte da f\u00eamea \u2013 e ignoraram em grande medida a r\u00e9plica de pau dos caboclinhos-de-barriga-vermelha, provavelmente vista como um n\u00e3o concorrente.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9368\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9368\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Caboclinho-do-Ibera.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"9368\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/especiacao-em-aves\/caboclinho-do-ibera\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Caboclinho-do-Ibera.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"631,351\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Caboclinho-do-Iber\u00e1\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;EcoRegistros Caboclinho-do-Iber\u00e1 (Sporophila iberaensis)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;EcoRegistros Caboclinho-do-Iber\u00e1 (Sporophila iberaensis)  \tRicardo Juliano&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Caboclinho-do-Ibera.jpg?fit=631%2C351&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9368\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Caboclinho-do-Ibera.jpg?resize=300%2C167&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"EcoRegistros Caboclinho-do-Iber\u00e1 (Sporophila iberaensis)\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Caboclinho-do-Ibera.jpg?resize=300%2C167&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/biologo.com.br\/bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Caboclinho-do-Ibera.jpg?w=631&amp;ssl=1 631w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9368\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;\">Caboclinho-do-Iber\u00e1 (<em>Sporophila iberaensis<\/em>) <span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a9 <\/span><\/span><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ecoregistros.org\/RicardoJuliano\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ricardo Juliano<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 c\u00f3pia de madeira do coleiro-do-brejo, que tinha cores intermedi\u00e1rias e fazia o papel de um h\u00edbrido das outras duas esp\u00e9cies, as rea\u00e7\u00f5es foram menos marcantes, oscilando entre algum grau de agress\u00e3o e de desprezo. Os machos de<em>\u00a0Sporophila hypoxantha\u00a0<\/em>apresentaram o mesmo padr\u00e3o de comportamento em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s c\u00f3pias de madeira das tr\u00eas esp\u00e9cies de caboclinhos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Para o bi\u00f3logo norte-americano Erich D. Jarvis, do Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurogen\u00e9tica da Linguagem da Universidade Rockefeller, de Nova York, n\u00e3o \u00e9 poss\u00edvel dizer se a prefer\u00eancia sexual das f\u00eameas por machos que entoam um certo padr\u00e3o de canto \u00e9 uma op\u00e7\u00e3o determinada por uma escolha meramente cultural ou cultural e gen\u00e9tica. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Aves canoras s\u00e3o um dos raros grupos de esp\u00e9cies que t\u00eam aprendizagem vocal, capacidade de imitar sons e transmiti-los culturalmente de uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o para outra\u201d, afirma Jarvis em artigo publicado na mesma edi\u00e7\u00e3o da\u00a0<em>Science<\/em> comentando o estudo sobre os caboclinhos. \u201cOs achados de Turbek e seus colegas levantam a quest\u00e3o de qu\u00e3o difundido pode ser esse mecanismo de pr\u00e9-acasalamento na especia\u00e7\u00e3o. Talvez ele possa dar origem a diferen\u00e7as populacionais locais numa esp\u00e9cie.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt;\">Estudos:<\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"bibliografia\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;\">TURBEK, S.\u00a0<em>et al<\/em>.\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/371\/6536\/eabc0256.abstract?casa_token=-d5gIsOgVYAAAAAA:it4OrcLy4kHUs7s3qiCdretyOOraqDB5XZZU-BslLQL2mlr2JDheKeLzZxxI3C6BvuoSWPetwXhqDSU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rapid speciation via the evolution of pre-mating isolation in the Iber\u00e1 Seedeater<\/a>.\u00a0<strong>Science<\/strong>. 26 mar. 2021.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;\">JARVIS, E. D.\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/371\/6536\/1312.summary?casa_token=lbRc2xZynrAAAAAA:VamxQAQGEYHgM8dto1yormYulD_JjlAlMJdTmP2WNUIRrbXzmwrWR5CHKsB4nF-sGsgXL7Dy9zY6UzA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">At the beginning of speciation<\/a>.\u00a0<strong>Science<\/strong>. 26 mar. 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt;\">Fonte:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> <a style=\"color: #000000;\" title=\"Cores e cantos da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/cores-e-cantos-da-evolucao\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cores e cantos da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\u00a0\/<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Revista Fapesp<\/a><\/span>\u00a0 <a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-ND 4.0<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Especia\u00e7\u00e3o em aves: Tons da plumagem e vocaliza\u00e7\u00e3o favorecem a forma\u00e7\u00e3o de novas esp\u00e9cies em um grupo de aves. Especia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9367,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Tons da plumagem e vocaliza\u00e7\u00e3o favorecem a forma\u00e7\u00e3o de novas esp\u00e9cies em um grupo de aves.","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[138,42,40,27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9365","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-comportamento","category-ornitologia","category-taxonomia","category-zoologia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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